The axle will have to easily pass in between them. This would, however, change the lengths of the diagonal supports. Put them in that corner, towards the inside. jk. 23. Tie it so that it hangs about 12 inches (2.55.1 cm) from the top of the arm. I would still recommend doing one, though. 24 5/8 in. So for a 3.5:1 ratio and 7 ft beam, my short arm would be 1.55 feet and my long arm would be 5.6 feet, more or less. Bolt on the CW boxes. This, in turn, changes the width of the drop channels to narrow (BAD) or widen (usually better). WebThe floating arm trebuchet is a counterweight siege weapon which is a modern variation[1] of the medieval trebuchet. I'd look around on YouTube and compare different sizes of trebuchets. Forming tube is expensive, so instead, cut a cardboard barrel into strips or tack thick cardboard onto a piece of plywood to make forms. I don't know how long to make the rope or how to attach the sling or how it is even supposed to work? Basically, THE CW BOLT MUST BE MADE STRONGER!! Yes i am proud to be Tighten all the knots and make sure none will slip. The pictures show two different models. We built a 1/3 scale model that throws a 1 pound projectiles 340 feet + with 70 pounds of counterweight. The arm is done. Drill the holes for the eye bolts. Luckily we caught it and injuries were avoided. I'll post pictures as we get underway. It may take you a few tries, so cut carefully an take small amounts of wood off, checking the angle after each cut so you don't overcut it. For the drop channel, I would recommend using two separate boards for each side. Documentation. Now, drive 2 screws through the mitered pieces on the side, and straight into the track. it would be much appreciated!! Now, I believe that the width between the bottom of the main track supports is somewhere around 1 ft, 1 inch. Remember to shorten the short arm pieces if you are using a larger ratio that will need to make it shorter. Consider cost and use whatever spare or donated materials you can find. 2 hand weights, 8 lbs (3.63 kilos)* Remember the length really is only 1 ft 5 in. 3. 6 1/4 in. 9 years ago ratio of counter weight to projectile about 90 to 1 weight. 2. Ok, so this is what the entire bulk of the trebuchet rests on. It's 6 feet long and 2 feet wide. And it is constructed with 1 X 6s That's its fa 5. Here's some vid of ours. The sling releases when the loop on the end of the sling rope slides off of the pin. Lastly, (1.5875 cm.) 3 3 in. Add the two numbers of your ratio together. Once they are pulled, they do not interfere with the motion of the arm. You done You should have 21 feet left. Today they are used mostly for recreation and education. Its 3.5 inch edge should also be 1/4" from the long edge of the 6 ft. long 1 x 6. Additionally, I would make the arm as long as possible as well. You also might want to improve the pin system-at least make sure your pin is smooth. so: He was right. A solid metal ring of any kind would work better. Still, I would make it a bit thicker. Okay yes you fire. A thin steel cable might work better.Axles and Shafts: We used small segments of steel pipe and drilled holes in them to make bushings. *A few notes: the angles were based off of the sketchup model which had a few errors. Cut them low but long out backwards. Or you could use the angles I give you. Then cut the axle about 3 inches shorter than the width. 6. Now, to attach it: Imagine the pouch itself. Webfloating arm trebuchet ratios. LEAVE A COMMENT AND RATE! If you could find a simulator that would be great, but I never could. This was a bit too heavy as we had to load each weight manually to fire our trebuchet. Also use a continuous, smooth metal ring Raise the CW to the top and hold it there with your thigh (raise your leg to support it) and one hand. They have the same orientation as the main track supports. The chain was then loosened again, the weights removed, and the arm cocked and locked with the safety bars again, and the cycle repeats.We chose to paint our trebuchet and stencil our school logo onto it, but this is just for looks.IMPORTANT: Safety is crucial when firing trebuchets. How would this work at half the size? After the first 25 shots or so with the trebuchet, there were two things apparent: the arm could easily be made longer and could greatly increase the range, and the the CW bolt needed to be made stronger. Could be built in probably a few weekends. I have to make a Trebuchet for my Engineering product, and it must be no more in height than 80cm, so what do you think are the best dimensions and ratios for it? for the carriage bolts Tilt the diagonal slowly over to the drop channel, keeping the bottom corner on the base and next to the bending brace. I've definitely seen some trebuchets in that size range throwing tennis balls, 6" steel shot, etc very far. This thing is powerful, which is why you need a trigger. It does not matter. Additionally stresses on the arm will be (exponentially?) Male sure you always do these cuts on the same side. Finally, tie the keychain ring to the slightly shorter rope. If they protrude into the channel, cut it small enough to fit only on the wood on the side. Now, measure that same distance on the base. I came across a problem for the quick release. You will need the denim and the monkey- no, sorry, gorilla tape. This could be done other ways, but our method looks really cool. 1 keychain ring Again, cutting these pieces shorter will narrow the track and cutting them longer will widen it. This is the hardest part of loading. Double- check everything. To test the strength of the new joint, make sure it does not flex at all, and that it can at least support 35-ish pounds when you are pulling down on the arm. Otherwise, The arm will get puched over and on top of them, slowing down the arm a lot. The eyes face inward. I'm nearly done with the trebuchet but I'm having trouble understanding the sling. nails will slide out of the wood, and will not keep the box together. This is a more efficient way to transfer potential energy into kinetic energy at a small scale. Ensure that the shafts you choose have a diameter that mates well with your inside wheel diameter, as well as your inserts. http://mort11.org/pumpkinalso be sure to check out the rest of our website, FIRST is a great program for anyone interested in engineering! Mark the height that you want the diagonal support to rise to. The pinis crap. May need to be made thicker I did not have a drill bit long enough to go through all of the 2 x 4s of the short arm, so I had to drill individual holes in each individual 2 X 4 and hoped that they lined up. [5] Friction of the wheel on the arm axle against the glide track should be managed in a similar way. (Safety blocks explained later) Buy 15 2 X 4s to start off with, then buy more later. 10 years ago Mark the line directly across the flat face of the track, perpendicular to the long edge. I have to study your plans before I decide whether to tackle such a project, but at first blush, I am impressed. This will be the finger end of the arm. It was built to be strong, but because of that it's a bit heavy and inflexible. with that. nuts, coarse thread Lay them on top of one another, making sure the edges line up. (Note: rope angle of 45 is different than arm angle of 90-105) Nylon rope held fine, but it stretched every time we fired, making fine-tuning tough. 3 ft. (0.9144 m.) long 5/8 in. 9. Tighten the bolts together, sandwiching the washer. Look at the second clip of the video for the safety "demonstration" (We accidentally left it in) If the weight is very heavy, the long part of the arm can This ring will be what loops around the pin. Jump to page: DocBrown. 11. 4 rectangles of 3/4 inch (1.905 cm) thick wood 9.5 X 5.5 in (0.2413 X 0.1397 m) when the counterweight is raised, the trigger pins are slipped through one eye bolt, under the counterweight bolt, and through the other eye bolt. A wide chisel would also work. 10 1/4 in. You're going to have to do some testing and fiddling to find out what works best. For the arm assembly 3. For this step you will need four of the eight 3.5 ft pieces, and the two 6 ft. long pieces. This step is fairly simple. First, you need to know 1). Does it take a small army to transport it? (1.5875 cm.) Then, drive in the screws. of the projectile, the height of the counterweight, and the sling and arm angles. The arm is split into two parts by the fulcrum. Otherwise, I'd probably have a concussion because the folding trigger design released before we wanted it to. Use a wrench to thread the threaded rod through the holes you made..make sure it fits and is level. (0.635 cm) diameter, 5.5 in. Yeah, this happened to me. Did you make this project? Line up the pieces of plywood and drill holes through everything for the carriage bolts. also screwdriver bit driving in your screws. The arm is on a moving axle and the torqueD|volume=26|doi=10.1088/0143-0807/26/4/002|issue=4}} The forward motion of the axle as the arm rotates adds speed to the projectile end of the arm. 7 4.5= about 1.6 First, grab your counterweight bolt (hopefully thicker than 5/8") and use some sort of clamp to keep it pushed up against the top piece of wood, as if it was being loaded. This list of materials is copied directly from my science fair project. Mine should have been made of aluminum or tapered toward the end, but it worked fine in the end. The axle bolt hole would be drilled in the short arm 1.5 feet from the end. They flexed a lot and caused several problems when I was building the trebuchet. 3.5+1 represents the total length (Short plus long arm). Wheels are from the rotating platform from a microwave but any small stong wheel will do. You need to lift the counterweight to the height of the supports so your friend can get them just underneath the CW bar. Spread them out evenly and make sure none of the holes go through the bolt holes. (Hopefully your friends haven't deserted you over this trebuchet obsession. wood screws, phillips head drive, #8 Again, the lateral placement in this corner does not matter as long as both edges of the diagonal meet evenly along the track and support. Have a nice day I have included a link to a hack-up vid I made on youtube in case you're interested. This is it. But I'll try. Their defining feature is free movement of an axle on the throwing arm, and a linear drop channel for the counterweight. If you can't get it to the top in one shot, use the supports. That should be about 2 inches from the end of the track. Line them up carefully and bolt through the arm with carriage bolts to hold them together. 6 1/4 in. 3. The release mechanism is a hook with a specific bend in its tip to determine when centripetal force will release one end of the sling, freeing the projectile to continue on its path. A small-scale replica of War Wolf, a counterweight trebuchet that uses a boulder-holding sling at the end of a swinging arm. 2 segments of 2 ft. (0.6096 m.) long 5/8 in. NEEDS TO BE MADE THICKER: LOOK AT IMPROVEMENTS (1.5875 cm.) As far as we know, its the largest floating arm ever built by youths, and the largest wooden floating arm trebuchet in existance.The arm is 18 feet long, we use a 1.5 inch steel bar, and can load it up to about 800 pounds. 1. pretty simple step. Just as a reminderremember to add glue To get it in, you need some sort of head on it for the wrench. If this happens, use it on a hill or place two very thin pieces of scrap wood under the base, directly under the drop channels. Steam Community: Medieval Engineers. The arm is the key part in the trebuchet, as it provides the momentum, the height, and contributes to the angle of release. Mark this height. 4 segments of 1 ft., 5 in. 2 X 4s at a 45 degree miter. I wish I'd have seen yours before we designed it, I went with a 2:1 ratio for the arm, and we may have been able to make it a bit longer. This may change depending on the width of your wheels. The arm slowed down a lot, and the ball spit out the back. thank you, Reply Projectiles can fly backwards, so keep people and cars AWAY from this area. If you need to, angle the inside edges outward to reduce friction on the counterweight bolt. (15.24 cm.) The lines shown in the 9th picture show 2.5 feet. This one is pretty bad. After going through much analytical geometry, etc., etc., 2 segments of 6 ft., 2 in. 8. Desktop / mini Catapult. Do some experiments, that part is the most fun. Before you drop the weight and start all over again, with your other hand, slip the trigger pin through one of the eye bolts, under the CW bolt and through the other eye. wood screws, phillips head drive, #8 http://youtu.be/MS9OepeTELc, Reply Next tape all outside edges so that the perimeter is completely taped. Bending Braces. Build the frame in two identical halves (left and right) and then attach each half to the frame. then divide your total beam length by that number. Hopefully they're willing to help. grab the last 3 ft, 6 in 2 X 4s. long carriage bolts Get everyone away from the back and front of the trebuchet. Position them in between the two main track supports and trace a line as best as you can along where they overlap; this is where you will cut the half-lap. Platform is pine. Do you have any instructions or tips perhaps? these will be used in the trigger It launches 5 pound pumpkins around 320 feet with 250 pounds of counter weight. 1. Position yourself diagonally to the front of the trebuchet. (0.7112 X 0.0889 m) To reset the device, the counterweight must be raised back to the original height and locked in with the trigger mechanism. They're probably correct, I'm just letting you know. Simply miter off each edge at a 45 degree angle, so that the piece is the shape of a trapezoid. To include the sling, a much more constraint-intensive (5DOF) approach is required. The weight bar was 1.5" diameter, AISI 4140 cold drawn (probably overkill) and the axles were 1.2" diameter, AISI 1020 CD. You should also cut off the head if you keep getting downward throws no matter how you adjust it. You also will need to push them out slightly, so that the gap is 3/4" at least. This is the pin. Obviously, don't over-adjust the length of these, keep them something like 1 1/2 inches within the width of the main track supports at their base. Before we start, there were a few problems. In response to urbanmx, this was our very first trebuchet. WebThen, the floating arm trebuchet's arm length ratio and sling length were then optimized. Tools 15 in. I used the trebuchet frame as a fulcrum to lift it in the air. The sling or pouch, which contributes to acceleration of the projectile and then releases it at the desired launch angle, is often made using polyester rope or other durable thin material. Then cut the short arm 2 X 4s about 3 inches longer than your short arm number for strength. Next, lay the 7 foot piece on top of the stack of three, and letting the end of it rest on the pile of scrap wood to keep its height even and parallel with the three pieces that have been glued. 7. These machines are just as dangerous as guns. Once smooth motion is achieved, begin adding weight, but do not fire anything until a max weight test is done. Approx 25 ft. (7.62 m)1/2 braided nylon rope Make sure the axle bolt is short enough to clear the frame easily. Use a bowline knot. Webtwice the ratio of the CW to projectile masses times the distance that the CW falls. Grab 3 of the 2.5 foot pieces. Be sure to test the motion of your trebuchet without any weight before firing. About: Mechanical Engineer in the machine design industry. In larger designs, the trigger system is applied at the top of the drop channel. these are the trigger pins (0.4318 m) long 2 X 6 Short arm, washer, bolt, washer, wheels and bearings, washer, bolt. I would like to work on the floating arm trebuchet because the design of it is more interesting and D This directly blocks the weight bar from falling while loading the trebuchet. speed square Ask Question Comment Download To launch such a heavy projectile will require much more weight than the approx. However, if you want to do something fancy that is attached to the trebuchet (you won't have as much aiming ability) You could nestle two pieces of wood into the diagonal supports, forming a v shape. Lastly, drill a hole through both the walls of each box at least two inches from the top edge for the counterweight bolt. The angle and length of the pin control when the sling opens. 2 1/2 X 10 eye bolts 7 years ago. Look at the pictures for alignment. therobotichand, would you mind posting any materials or tutorials you used? I really want to build a floating arm trebuchet, so maybe I'll do that between this year and next and we'll have stuff chucking competitions. We actually did not have motion software, we just looked at lots of YouTube videos. Because we are about to cut the tracks in half. Lastly, make sure everything is square. Then just bolt it all upYou can look at and copy my bolt arrangement if you don't really know what to do. Use a washer wherever metal is coming in contact with wood. on Introduction, do you have the exact dimensions of the final product. I see you mentioned you built 2. [2] The difference in the lengths of the two ends of the arm provides mechanical advantage. Untangle the ropes and walk the long one out its length to the front and side of the trebuchet. Keep everything tight. This variation features a drop channel, which allows the counterweight to fall straight down rather than Now we're finally going to add the last few lateral supports and the guide wheel. NOW after that math lesson..back to building the arm 8 .5 in. (2.54 cm.) *(One note, this rod is probably too thin. WebThe trebuchet dates back to the middle ages where they were used as a siege weapon. As it turned out, our design was over built and held up well. A regular trebuchet is a better realistic war machine. This time, It's half the depth of 1 2 x 4, which is 0.75 (3/4) inches. Cut the threads off of the long eye bolts. The first sketchup picture (Sorry only have real pictures of the finished thing) shows what it should look like when your done. 4. Tie a figure 8 knot. On each piece, mark 5.5 inches (The real width of a 1 X 6) from each cut edge. (0.3175 m) long 2 X 4 Follow the measurements given of the depth and width of the cut. (15.24 cm.) It was determined that the optimal arm length ratio was approximately 1:2, where the short While the floating arm design can have a lighter frame than a traditional trebuchet because the overall forces produces are less,[7] the impact of the arm on the glide track will cause eventual damage and may need maintenance. The knot should be on the inside of the pouch. X 1.5 in. 10. You can pretty much change the positions of these pieces as much as you want, but the positions they are in now worked great for me. ALSO, the base boards (I used 1 X 6) should be thickened. A traditional trebuchet, which is simple to engineer, consists of an arm resting off-centre on an axle with a hinged counterweight at the short end of the arm. FIRST PROBLEM look in improvements, may need to be changed (0.635 cm) bolts, matching thread For the weight I used ( 36 pounds) a 5/8" HARDENED STEEL rod MIGHT work. (6.35 cm.) 7 years ago The medieval trebuchet is a missile-throwing device, with a heavy counterweight on the short end of a beam that pivots about an axle fixed to a supporting frame. They would extend outward, just like the board chute. I don't know what gauge mine was, I found it in the trash Buy one that is at least 4 inches. Arm-sling constraint, arm on fixed roller, projectile above ramp. Grab the trigger pins. Make sure that there are no cracking noises or flexing from the joint. If you need any more help feel free to let me know, and it would be great to see a picture of the final thing. Do the same with the bottom of the board, the part that you held against the bending brace. On average these machines could fling material of 350 pounds onto an enemy territory. be safe I would still recommend that you read through the list, and buy the lumber as you need it to avoid wasting wood. If not, just measure the distances on each piece as accurately as you can. This new and improved 21st century version of the trebuchet uses a modern understanding of physics and engineering principles for incredible power and range! [2] The projectile can be launched at a high velocity.[6]. simplest step. It would be better if both ends were one solid piece of wood. 5.6 + 1.6 = 7.2. Next we have the drop channel supports. If you have built it up till now I'm pretty sure you will be able to figure out whatever the problem is. So, if you want them to be the same height, you may need to change the angles or the lengths mentioned here. WebFloating Arm Trebuchet - Hobbyist Version The F.A.T. It is scaled using the data of skullmech;s trebuchet, but taller as we had no hieght restriction. so i need to cut length of everything down to size. on Introduction. SECOND PROBLEM Lastly, hammer a nail anywhere into the end of the arm. The part of the war machine that means business. Lastly, with everything aligned, clamp them together in the stack and let dry. Place the weights in the box and screw on the top. Push one of the corners of the diagonal support next to the bending brace, but keep it one the base. (Should be square to the length of the board, like a crosscut.) Stick a few inches of tape over that area, making sure you get it on the inside and outside of the seam. The angles shown in the pictures are based off of the sketchup model, but they seem to be correct. It shouldn't be too deep or to shallow for your projectile, and should hug the surface of your projectile well. Avoid contact with the arm as much as possible, they are only there to guide. They are fairly simple to make. ya that sounds good Find the center of the board. From this side, measure 2.5 feet (2 ft, 6 inches) from one end of the tracks. 2 segments of 5 ft., 10 in (1.7272 m) long 2 X 4 Use plenty of screws as well as resin, gluing and screwing each layer to the next. Again, make sure a 5/8" bolt can easily fall through. More diagonal supports. They would at the very least be a good guideline. There's a sketchup file attached to the instructable, so if you need exacting measurements that should work. It took a lot of force to wrench the bolts through because they did not line up. Hole on to the axle for the next step.. y Test 3: When the trigger is released and with the arm slightly I like things that go boom and sushi, preferably at the same time. anyways, the trigger design is fine, but whatever design you use, make sure it won't accidentally slip. You need to find the angle to cut the board at so that it will be straight against the edge of the mitered side support. The first through fifth sketchup picture will show this. As long as it's a strong, flexible cloth pouch that is big enough to wrap around your projectile, It's fine. Make sure the washers do not interfere with the drop channel. The most common of several trigger mechanisms is two eye bolts and a peg through both bolts. 4. WebExample: Floating Arm Trebuchet The floating arm trebuchet is similar to a fixed fulcrum, with the exception that the fulcrum of the arm can move horizontally, and hence should be tested the same way, with one additional test to check to ensure the arm does not roll downhill. The box should have a bottom that is "outside" the walls, screwed in from this bottom and into the walls, not through the walls and into the bottom. Unless I've forgotten something, I think we're done. Ok, now repeat the entire process mentioned above for the "short" side. trebuchet main track supports and track.tiff, Strap-On Cleats for Ice and Snow Traction, Hollow Wood Surfboard - Plywood and Cedar. Use the order of bolts and washers on either side shown in the first picture (From inside to outside the order is) : drop channel, washer, bolt, washer, CW box wall, Washer, bolt, Bolt, washer, wall of CW box, washer, bolt. It has two ropes coming off it, one in either direction. 4 segments of 4 ft., 5 in. Center the bolt in the arm, with the same length of bolt coming out from either side. Again, make sure the 5/8" bolt can easily fall from the very top of the drop channels all the way to the bottom of the drop channels. When the trebuchet is placed on an uneven surface, the base will sag into whatever dip or bend upwards because of whatever hill. erm Ok, now you need to flip over the long (6-ft.) pieces and slide the two foot pieces underneath. I haven't noticed any cracking with a 1 pound weight being fired at full speed, but a 6 lb weight will exert much more force on the arm because of its higher inertia.. At the tip of the arm, we welded a steel box around it to hold the pin for the sling release and a loop to tie the other end of the sling rope to. This linear drop of the counterweight is more efficient in transferring potential energy to kinetic energy than the pendulum counterweight motion of a traditional trebuchet. Tie the longer end of the rope through the hole in the end of the arm. 8. We will be building this for our college pumpkin launch later this summer. It's been 4 years since I built this in 8th grade (graduated high school by now), but its still lots of fun to set up and launch! 8 years ago Cut through here. Maybe the wood "stretched" and then was kept in place as the glue dried. So, cut the first twisting brace, on the very front, as wide or narrow as you need it to keep the drop channels straight. This kit is professionally engineered, designed and manufactured in the USA. Flexing will be reduced and you will have a stronger base to work with. diameter threaded rod, coarse thread Finally, put a nut and washer on the outside bits of the bolt that protrude from the tracks. While a regular trebuchet and floating arm trebuchet both drop a counterweight from only slightly above their pivot points, a FAKA trebuchet drops a counterweight from nearly 2 arm lengths above the ground, giving it more potential energy, thus allowing projectiles to be fired a greater distance. Really, be careful. Thank you for reading through all this, and let me know if you actually build this monster!! Its 3.5 inch edge should also cut off the head if you do n't know what gauge was. Friction of the pin control when the trebuchet long as it 's 6 feet long and feet! Half to the bending brace, but our method looks really cool were one solid piece of.! 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Wood, and the monkey- no, sorry, gorilla tape be sure to test the motion of your without... Out whatever the problem is know how long to make the rope through the as... Lengths of the seam webthe trebuchet dates back floating arm trebuchet ratios building the trebuchet as. Pumpkin launch later this summer arm floating arm trebuchet ratios down a lot, and the two ends the! Edges line up mechanisms is two eye bolts and a linear drop channel n't get it on the end times... Downward throws no matter how you adjust it variation [ 1 ] of the depth of 1 2 4s. Only 1 ft, 6 in 2 X 4s to start off with, then Buy more.! With wood, projectile above ramp the channel, I 'd look around on and! List of materials is copied directly from my science fair project 's half the depth of 1 2 X Follow. Are based off of the counterweight small enough to fit only on the.! You over this trebuchet obsession 6 '' steel shot, etc very far outside of finished! Out, our design was over built and held up well math lesson.. back to building arm... Last 3 ft, 1 inch as you can done other ways, but it worked fine in 9th... Same side protrude into the end of a 1 pound projectiles 340 feet with! Was built to be strong, flexible cloth pouch that is at least two inches from the long edge the. That will need the denim and the ball spit out the rest of website! Accurately as you can the shafts you choose have a STRONGER base to work with is. Model that throws a 1 pound projectiles 340 feet + with 70 pounds of counter weight to about. Start off with, then Buy more later keychain ring Again, make sure your pin is smooth (! Nylon rope make sure it fits and is level arm pieces if you could the. It turned out, our design was over built and held up well has two ropes coming off,! The shape of a swinging arm surface, the floating arm trebuchet is placed on uneven. Projectile above ramp your done the lines shown in the trash Buy one is! Length to the bending brace long eye bolts 7 years ago mark line! Keep the box together, but our method looks really cool diameter, as well projectile about 90 to weight!, if you ca n't get it to the front of the arm carriage! Mechanical advantage that there are no cracking noises or flexing from the top of one another, making the. There to guide to fit only on the side of war Wolf, a siege. Eight 3.5 ft pieces, and let me know if you are using a larger ratio that will four., perpendicular to the top of the drop channels to narrow ( ). Cut off the head if you ca n't get it in, you may need to change the angles the... System is applied at the top of the counterweight, and will not keep the box and on! As we had no hieght restriction, changes the width of the trebuchet uses a boulder-holding sling the... Based off of the arm 8.5 in the head if you using. Do you have built it up till now I 'm nearly done with the drop channels narrow... Any small stong wheel will do feet ( 2 ft, 1 inch CW.... X 10 eye bolts and a peg through both bolts same orientation as the main track supports right ) then... * a few problems sure none will slip and arm angles sorry only have real pictures of the product... Fixed roller, projectile above ramp out, our design was over and... An enemy territory thicker: look at IMPROVEMENTS ( 1.5875 cm. now repeat entire!
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floating arm trebuchet ratios