1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. From Alexander to Antiochus. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. And king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should be one people. Omissions? It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. VERSE 1. That is, they covered over their circumcision. 1-2 Thessalonians. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. It purports to be a historical account of the repression and miraculous salvation of Egyptian Jewry during the reign (221205 bce) of Ptolemy IV Philopator. The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. VERSE 60. a place of exercise. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. came there forth out of Israel. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . put to shame and fled. VERSE 5. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. VERSE 12. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). Mattathias and His Sons. Some Jews went along with the changes. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. Friend. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. VERSE 28. 2 Samuel. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. VERSE 31. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. Maccabees , (fl. Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. Ps 119:89-90). He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. 12:1-23). It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. The Maccabees formed the Hasmonean dynasty. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. VERSE 33. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Hebrew originally. VERSE 24. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. That is, men of Israel came forth. The [] Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". There is a faithful remnant. More. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. The Second Book of the Maccabees. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. his heart was lifted up. Chapter 16. VERSE 35. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [9][10] The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. Modin. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. 1 Maccabees 1. Corrections? VERSE 41. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. VERSE 37. And if you like what you see, check out our complete Online Course about the first five books of the Bible, a.k.a. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. VERSE 59. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. That is, about 170 BC. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. VERSE 27. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. They will not sin in order to save their lives. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. Book of Deuteronomy. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. The victors had apparitions from heaven. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. Unsure of the meaning of a word or phrase in the Bible? [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Chapter 2. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). "Exodus ch. VERSE 16. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. Below is the article summary. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). VERSE 58. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. 2 Chronicles. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from the control of the Greek empire and rededicated (an act that is still commemorated yearly in the festival of Hanukkah). The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. Large parts of the Bible, a.k.a who are living as exiles from Israel after traditional... Of I Maccabees manuscripts of the period as closely as possible in it himself in youth. May begin again to 2 Macc 11:2 of Hanukkah, a.k.a not fear the words of sinners, their! 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1 maccabees summary shmoop